Update: It's fixed.
I went through the test procedure as per the diagram and all of the results were as expected.
Not feeling fully convinced, I installed a jumper wire from the high mount light green w/red wire and tested continuity between that and the left tail light green w/red wire. Beep, there was continuity. I also confirmed that ground seemed good, therefore it didn't make sense that it wasn't lighting.
After going back to the high mount light fixture and doing more testing, I learned that the wires feeding the fixture was all good. The problem was in the socket itself. There was power at the wire and at the brass ring that connects to the socket shell. This may be a crimp connection. In any event, the socket where the bulb casing touches the socket was not getting a path to ground.
The reason I missed all of this before was that when I first probed the fixture, I probed between the center pin of the socket and the outer shell of the socket - right where the bulb plugs in. When I read zero volts, I interpreted that to mean I had a bad wire. (I recently had a broken wire to the trunk light bulb in the same general area).
Without expecting this problem, I did not unplug the fixture and probe the wires at the plug. If I had done that first, I could have noticed the discrepancy between voltage at the wire and no voltage at the socket just a half inch farther down the circuit.
My solution was the solder a jumper wire from the wire, through the plastic fixture, and onto the outside of the light bulb casing on the socket.
I'm a bit upset with myself for not catching this before I put about 5 hours into tracking this down. I need to reassemble about 60% of the interior of the car now.
Here are photos:
I appreciate your help.
Next up will be round 2 troubleshooting the power door lock on the driver side to figure why it can lock all the doors, but unlocks none. I think I will need to sleep first.