all i can say is that one completely unplugged fuel injector will NOT cause the engine to die. it will run rougher yes, but others 3 can compensate (via ECU fuel trims) for the missing cylinder. of course that would throw a code P030x.
however i don't know how this would behave with 2 or more dead cylinders (e.g. clogged fuel injectors, too low fuel pressure, broken/seized pistons or so).
does OP has the CEL on ? if yes then first thing to do is to scan obd2 to see what problem the ECU reports.
5s-fe doesn't have the MAF sensor, only MAP and those really rarely go bad (unless there is a vacuum leak or popped off vacuum hose somewhere around engine or from map itself).
also if the alternator was going dead and battery was still good then car should still be able to start and run until battery drains out (seen that on my old buick).
'98 5s-fe is a distributor less system (unlike gen3 camry). when was the last time new spark plugs were installed ? i would pull them out to see how they look.
however since engine was somewhat rebuilt I'd rather suspect an internal engine failure ? was there any clunking sound coming from under hood right before car died ? seen one of those busted crankshaft on my ol '97 Alfa Romeo couple couple years ago... once it's worn out or something else like valve bucket gets broken loose completely engine will not start (it will clunk when turning though)... however car illuminated oil pressure idiot light right before the engine went dead.
fuel pressure can be tested at IGN ON with an Actron Fuel Pressure tester (with appropriate banjo fitting for toyota fuel filter).
i think the best hint here is that car tried starting (it "catches") temporarily when gas pedal is depressed (throttle opened), so maybe a dirty clogged air filter (doubt it though) ? or maybe crap in the fuel filter ? when was it changed last time ?
stuck open EGR valve is a possibility also (can cause engine dying at idle).
i think there is still too little information to troubleshoot precisely.