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That black disc sounds like the grating, on the bottom of the master clutch cylinder - just prevents larger chunks from getting into the system. Shouldn't be floating though - that is sort of weird.
As far as the clutch not releasing when hot - could be a number of things:
- clutch linkage (clutch pedal may need to be adjusted)
- damaged slave cylinder or master clutch cylinder (could be a bad seal)
- heavily contaminated fluid
- air in the hydraulic lines
- worn pilot bearing
- bent or sticking clutch release fork
- warped or otherwised damaged clutch disc
- damaged pressure plate
Simple stuff to do - flush the old fluid out (plain DOT 3 brake fluid) and refill with fresh fluid. Bleed the lines. Adjust the clutch pedal (pedal height, clutch free play). Possible that it cannot be adjusted anymore and you'll need a clutch pedal pushrod extender.
It that doesn't work - you'll have to open it up to see what is the matter. Could be anything from excessive clutch wear (warped or distorted disc), to worn bushing/bearings, etc.
My feeling is the system just needs to have the fluid replaced, bleed of air, and the clutch pedal adjusted. Very possible that the slave cylinder is on its way out - not able to actuate the fork to fully disengage the clutch.
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2002 Corolla S, 1.8L 1ZZ-FE VVT-i
2003 Matrix XRS, 1.8L 2ZZ-GE, VVTL-i (RIP)
2009 Matrix XRS, 2.4L 2AZ-FE VVT-i
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