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Turbos are essentially air pumps .
On one end of the turbo is the turbine wheel. Similar to a jet engine blade configuration, they spin at thousands of revolutions per minute via the hot exhaust gases exiting the engine.
On the other end othe shaft coming from the turbine wheel is a comprssor wheel that sucks air in. It's shape and housing , compress the air entering the turbo and send it tthru an intercooler , thru the intake manifold and into the combustion chamber.
Now because the air was compressed, there is more of it than a normally aspirated engine would have, so more fuel can be added while maintaining the proper air to fuel ratio, thus making more power.
Thats it, in a nutshell.
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