How often for wheel alignment? - Toyota Nation Forum : Toyota Car and Truck Forums
 

» Auto Insurance
» Featured Product
» Wheel & Tire Center

Go Back   Toyota Nation Forum : Toyota Car and Truck Forums > Toyota USENET Discussion Groups > alt.autos.toyota

alt.autos.toyota General Toyota discussion newsgroup.

ToyotaNation.com is the premier Toyota Forum on the internet. Registered Users do not see the above ads.
 
 
LinkBack Thread Tools Display Modes
Old 11-20-2006, 05:05 PM   #1 (permalink)
Big Blue
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Big Blue's Photo Gallery
How often for wheel alignment?


My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
"needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
change.

However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
don't steer to the side.

Thanks for the replies.

 
Sponsored Links
Advertisement
 
Old 11-20-2006, 05:19 PM   #2 (permalink)
Mark A
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Mark A's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

"Big Blue" <aclaritan@gmail.com> wrote in message
news:4h94m21g6ifdncet95vc6oto1ku84ab6hk@4ax.com...[color=blue]
>
> My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
> and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
> "needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
> call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
> change.
>
> However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
> do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
> miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
> don't steer to the side.
>
> Thanks for the replies.[/color]

Carefully check the wear on your front tires. If the tire wear is even, and
the car is easy to steer straight ahead without swerving off the road, then
you probably do not need an alignment. However, improper inflation can also
cause a tire to wear unevenly, and to not steer straight.

If you do need an alignment (and your tire wear is uneven for any reason),
the best time to get one is right after you replace the front tires. The
rear should not need an alignment unless you have suffered some damage back
there.

My 98 Camry V6 XLE (only 60K miles) has never been aligned.


 
Old 11-20-2006, 05:42 PM   #3 (permalink)
Scott in Florida
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Scott in Florida's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

On Mon, 20 Nov 2006 17:05:19 -0500, Big Blue <aclaritan@gmail.com>
wrote:
[color=blue]
>
>My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
>and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
>"needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
>call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
>change.
>
>However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
>do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
>miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
>don't steer to the side.
>
>Thanks for the replies.[/color]

My 92 Corolla Wagon is just about to 200,000 miles and it has never
had an alignment....and the tires wear just fine...


--

Scott in Florida

 
Old 11-20-2006, 06:06 PM   #4 (permalink)
Ray O
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Ray O's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?


"Big Blue" <aclaritan@gmail.com> wrote in message
news:4h94m21g6ifdncet95vc6oto1ku84ab6hk@4ax.com...[color=blue]
>
> My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
> and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
> "needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
> call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
> change.
>
> However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
> do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
> miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
> don't steer to the side.
>
> Thanks for the replies.
>[/color]

There is no manufacturer-recommended interval for having the alignment
checked, and I do not bother with my car unless I notice one or more of the
following symptoms:

Steering wheel not centered
Uneven or unusual tread wear (invest in an inexpensive tread depth gauge -
well worth the $10).
Vehicle drifting or pulling to one side

In a modern vehicle, when it is time to get an alignment, get a 4 wheel
alignment, not just a front-end alignment.
--

Ray O
(correct punctuation to reply)


 
Old 11-20-2006, 07:16 PM   #5 (permalink)
dbu'
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View dbu''s Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

In article <ab660$45623516$44a4a10d$8405@msgid.meganewsservers.com>,
"Ray O" <rokigawaATtristarassociatesDOTcom> wrote:
[color=blue]
> "Big Blue" <aclaritan@gmail.com> wrote in message
> news:4h94m21g6ifdncet95vc6oto1ku84ab6hk@4ax.com...[color=green]
> >
> > My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
> > and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
> > "needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
> > call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
> > change.
> >
> > However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
> > do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
> > miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
> > don't steer to the side.
> >
> > Thanks for the replies.
> >[/color]
>
> There is no manufacturer-recommended interval for having the alignment
> checked, and I do not bother with my car unless I notice one or more of the
> following symptoms:
>
> Steering wheel not centered
> Uneven or unusual tread wear (invest in an inexpensive tread depth gauge -
> well worth the $10).
> Vehicle drifting or pulling to one side
>
> In a modern vehicle, when it is time to get an alignment, get a 4 wheel
> alignment, not just a front-end alignment.[/color]

I've yet to have a Toyota needing a wheel alignment. My Sienna goes
straight as an arrow, even with my hands off the wheel.
--

 
Old 11-20-2006, 07:40 PM   #6 (permalink)
Jeff Strickland
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Jeff Strickland's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?


"Ray O" <rokigawaATtristarassociatesDOTcom> wrote in message
news:ab660$45623516$44a4a10d$8405@msgid.meganewsservers.com...[color=blue]
>
> "Big Blue" <aclaritan@gmail.com> wrote in message
> news:4h94m21g6ifdncet95vc6oto1ku84ab6hk@4ax.com...[color=green]
>>
>> My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
>> and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
>> "needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
>> call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
>> change.
>>
>> However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
>> do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
>> miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
>> don't steer to the side.
>>
>> Thanks for the replies.
>>[/color]
>
> There is no manufacturer-recommended interval for having the alignment
> checked, and I do not bother with my car unless I notice one or more of
> the following symptoms:
>
> Steering wheel not centered
> Uneven or unusual tread wear (invest in an inexpensive tread depth gauge -
> well worth the $10).
> Vehicle drifting or pulling to one side
>
> In a modern vehicle, when it is time to get an alignment, get a 4 wheel
> alignment, not just a front-end alignment.
> --
>[/color]

I agree with Ray on this one, with a tiny caveat. I think it is okay to
drift slowly to the right because this can come from the crown in the road
sending the car to the lowest side of the pavement. One has to discern if
the drift is caused by the roadway or the suspension, but I give the roadway
some of the credit for the error. The freeway has enough crown to send the
car to the side at an imperceptable rate unless one removes his hands from
the steering wheel to see how straight the car will go.


 
Old 11-20-2006, 08:00 PM   #7 (permalink)
Gary L. Burnore
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Gary L. Burnore's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

On Mon, 20 Nov 2006 18:16:13 -0600, dbu' <repubs@waitfor08.com> wrote:
[color=blue]
>In article <ab660$45623516$44a4a10d$8405@msgid.meganewsservers.com>,
> "Ray O" <rokigawaATtristarassociatesDOTcom> wrote:
>[color=green]
>> "Big Blue" <aclaritan@gmail.com> wrote in message
>> news:4h94m21g6ifdncet95vc6oto1ku84ab6hk@4ax.com...[color=darkred]
>> >
>> > My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
>> > and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
>> > "needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
>> > call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
>> > change.
>> >
>> > However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
>> > do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
>> > miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
>> > don't steer to the side.
>> >
>> > Thanks for the replies.
>> >[/color]
>>
>> There is no manufacturer-recommended interval for having the alignment
>> checked, and I do not bother with my car unless I notice one or more of the
>> following symptoms:
>>
>> Steering wheel not centered
>> Uneven or unusual tread wear (invest in an inexpensive tread depth gauge -
>> well worth the $10).
>> Vehicle drifting or pulling to one side
>>
>> In a modern vehicle, when it is time to get an alignment, get a 4 wheel
>> alignment, not just a front-end alignment.[/color]
>
>I've yet to have a Toyota needing a wheel alignment.[/color]

Heh.
--
gburnore at DataBasix dot Com
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
How you look depends on where you go.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gary L. Burnore | ÝÛ³ºÝ³Þ³ºÝ³³Ýۺݳ޳ºÝ³Ý³Þ³ºÝ³ÝÝÛ³
| ÝÛ³ºÝ³Þ³ºÝ³³Ýۺݳ޳ºÝ³Ý³Þ³ºÝ³ÝÝÛ³
Official .sig, Accept no substitutes. | ÝÛ³ºÝ³Þ³ºÝ³³Ýۺݳ޳ºÝ³Ý³Þ³ºÝ³ÝÝÛ³
| ÝÛ 0 1 7 2 3 / Ý³Þ 3 7 4 9 3 0 Û³
Black Helicopter Repair Services, Ltd.| Official Proof of Purchase
===========================================================================
 
Old 11-20-2006, 08:30 PM   #8 (permalink)
mack
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View mack's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?


"Jeff Strickland" <crwlr@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:GoudnYK7QPaO1v_YnZ2dnUVZ_hydnZ2d@ez2.net...[color=blue]
>
> "Ray O" <rokigawaATtristarassociatesDOTcom> wrote in message
> news:ab660$45623516$44a4a10d$8405@msgid.meganewsservers.com...[color=green]
>>
>> "Big Blue" <aclaritan@gmail.com> wrote in message
>> news:4h94m21g6ifdncet95vc6oto1ku84ab6hk@4ax.com...[color=darkred]
>>>
>>> My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
>>> and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
>>> "needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
>>> call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
>>> change.
>>>
>>> However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
>>> do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
>>> miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
>>> don't steer to the side.
>>>
>>> Thanks for the replies.
>>>[/color]
>>
>> There is no manufacturer-recommended interval for having the alignment
>> checked, and I do not bother with my car unless I notice one or more of
>> the following symptoms:
>>
>> Steering wheel not centered
>> Uneven or unusual tread wear (invest in an inexpensive tread depth
>> gauge - well worth the $10).
>> Vehicle drifting or pulling to one side
>>
>> In a modern vehicle, when it is time to get an alignment, get a 4 wheel
>> alignment, not just a front-end alignment.
>> --
>>[/color]
>
> I agree with Ray on this one, with a tiny caveat. I think it is okay to
> drift slowly to the right because this can come from the crown in the road
> sending the car to the lowest side of the pavement. One has to discern if
> the drift is caused by the roadway or the suspension, but I give the
> roadway some of the credit for the error. The freeway has enough crown to
> send the car to the side at an imperceptable rate unless one removes his
> hands from the steering wheel to see how straight the car will go.
>[/color]

I think some vehicles seem to go out of alignment rather quickly and with
monotonous regularity....I'm thinking the large Fords of the early 1960s for
example. I knew a man who had one and had to have it realigned a number of
times. But in my experience with Toyotas, (3) I've never had to have a
wheel alignment, the tires wear quite well, and even in my '97 Camry, you
can leave hands off the wheel and drive on a flat highway for a mile before
you have to tweak it a bit. Just like being on tracks.
I'm sure folks who make a habit of parking too close to the curb, or drive
over curbing, etc. may have more opportunity and need to get alignments.

The fact that a Toyota dealer (or his service writer) states that you need a
wheel alignment with every oil change sort of indicates that the next
payment on his boat is due.
That's why dealers get bad reputations, and rightly so.
If dealers charged reasonable labor rates and didn't overdo their service
requirements, they might get more business than they do. I for one would
sooner deal with one or two mechanics I KNOW and who know me, than with a
mega dealer whose employees think of my car as just another job, to be dealt
with as quickly as possible to get onto the next job.[color=blue]
>[/color]


 
Old 11-20-2006, 08:42 PM   #9 (permalink)
=?iso-2022-jp?q?Hachiroku_=1B$B%O%A%m%=2F=1B=28B?=
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View =?iso-2022-jp?q?Hachiroku_=1B$B%O%A%m%=2F=1B=28B?='s Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

On Mon, 20 Nov 2006 18:16:13 -0600, dbu' wrote:
[color=blue]
> In article <ab660$45623516$44a4a10d$8405@msgid.meganewsservers.com>,
> "Ray O" <rokigawaATtristarassociatesDOTcom> wrote:
>[color=green]
>> "Big Blue" <aclaritan@gmail.com> wrote in message
>> news:4h94m21g6ifdncet95vc6oto1ku84ab6hk@4ax.com...[color=darkred]
>> >
>> > My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
>> > and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
>> > "needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
>> > call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
>> > change.
>> >
>> > However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
>> > do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
>> > miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
>> > don't steer to the side.
>> >
>> > Thanks for the replies.
>> >[/color]
>>
>> There is no manufacturer-recommended interval for having the alignment
>> checked, and I do not bother with my car unless I notice one or more of the
>> following symptoms:
>>
>> Steering wheel not centered
>> Uneven or unusual tread wear (invest in an inexpensive tread depth gauge -
>> well worth the $10).
>> Vehicle drifting or pulling to one side
>>
>> In a modern vehicle, when it is time to get an alignment, get a 4 wheel
>> alignment, not just a front-end alignment.[/color]
>
> I've yet to have a Toyota needing a wheel alignment. My Sienna goes
> straight as an arrow, even with my hands off the wheel.[/color]


My Corolla 1200's (1974 and 1978, both brand new) were HORRIBLE at keeping
alignment! The OEM tires wore through rather rapidly (surprise!) and when
I put new sets on the alignment had to be done. I attribute this to the
1200 being such a light car that they put light-duty suspension pieces
that weren't quite up to the task. IIRC, I bent an A-arm on one of the
cars (don't quote me, I was young and wet behind the ears. Electronics I
could handle, cars were a Foreign Language then...) and had it replaced
under warranty.

OTOH, my 1980 Corolla SR5 needed an alignment ONCE in it's entire 247,000
mile life, and I can't recall ever having an alignment done on the
Hachiroku. I think my Mom's '86 Camry has never had an alignment, but it
only has 84,000 miles on it, and is only on it's 3rd set of tires (Mostly
due to age and dry-rot rather than wear!)

I messed with the suspension on my Celica after having a new rack put in,
I had that aligned once and drove it 30,000 before it's 'retirement', and
I had the Supra looked at when it had new tires. It has slightly worn
bushings that need to be replaced; it will need an alignment afterwards,
but it has no nasty habits and the tech said it's so close to spec he
wasn't going to waste my time or money aligning it.

I think the OP needs to find another Service department, or call the
Service Manager or General Manager and ask them what the hell is going on,
telling a woman she needs an alignment at every oil change!!!


 
Old 11-20-2006, 09:33 PM   #10 (permalink)
Tomes
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Tomes's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

"dbu'" <repubs@waitfor08.com> wrote in message
news:repubs-109D0F.18161320112006@comcast.dca.giganews.com...[color=blue]
> In article <ab660$45623516$44a4a10d$8405@msgid.meganewsservers.com>,
> "Ray O" <rokigawaATtristarassociatesDOTcom> wrote:[color=green]
>> "Big Blue" <aclaritan@gmail.com> wrote in message
>> news:4h94m21g6ifdncet95vc6oto1ku84ab6hk@4ax.com...[color=darkred]
>> >
>> > My wife took our new Camry 2007 SE V6 in for oil change at 5,000 miles
>> > and the dealer tries to pressure her into an alignment saying she
>> > "needs it everytime she does an oil change." Luckily she gave me a
>> > call and I told her no and it's bull that you need it every oil
>> > change.
>> >
>> > However, this does raise an interesting question, how often should I
>> > do it? I know the old conventional wisdom is every 10,000 to 15,000
>> > miles but someone has told me that you don't need it ever if your car
>> > don't steer to the side.
>> >
>> > Thanks for the replies.
>> >[/color]
>> There is no manufacturer-recommended interval for having the alignment
>> checked, and I do not bother with my car unless I notice one or more of
>> the
>> following symptoms:
>>
>> Steering wheel not centered
>> Uneven or unusual tread wear (invest in an inexpensive tread depth
>> gauge -
>> well worth the $10).
>> Vehicle drifting or pulling to one side
>>
>> In a modern vehicle, when it is time to get an alignment, get a 4 wheel
>> alignment, not just a front-end alignment.[/color]
>
> I've yet to have a Toyota needing a wheel alignment. My Sienna goes
> straight as an arrow, even with my hands off the wheel.
>[/color]

Mine too.
Tomes



 
Old 11-20-2006, 10:21 PM   #11 (permalink)
Don Fearn
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Don Fearn's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

I think it was dbu' <repubs@waitfor08.com> who stated:
[color=blue]
>I've yet to have a Toyota needing a wheel alignment. My Sienna goes
>straight as an arrow, even with my hands off the wheel.[/color]

The '05 Camry, with just over 20K miles is like that, but after
driving it this weekend I realized this morning on the way to work
that I've been correcting for the '06 xB, at 9K miles, that tries ever
so slightly to veer off to the left if I let go of the wheel.

It's a Toyota too, and that ain't right. It's only had commuting duty
-- ten miles to work and ten miles home on county roads -- and
occasional short trips mostly on highways . . . .

That should be a warranty item, shouldn't it?

-Don
--
"What do *you* care what other people think?" --Arline Feynman
 
Old 11-21-2006, 12:26 AM   #12 (permalink)
Ray O
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View Ray O's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?


"Don Fearn" <pooder@charter.net> wrote in message
news:gor4m29nr11rqij5nu4kdrqlko69piln1f@4ax.com...[color=blue]
>I think it was dbu' <repubs@waitfor08.com> who stated:
>[color=green]
>>I've yet to have a Toyota needing a wheel alignment. My Sienna goes
>>straight as an arrow, even with my hands off the wheel.[/color]
>
> The '05 Camry, with just over 20K miles is like that, but after
> driving it this weekend I realized this morning on the way to work
> that I've been correcting for the '06 xB, at 9K miles, that tries ever
> so slightly to veer off to the left if I let go of the wheel.
>
> It's a Toyota too, and that ain't right. It's only had commuting duty
> -- ten miles to work and ten miles home on county roads -- and
> occasional short trips mostly on highways . . . .
>
> That should be a warranty item, shouldn't it?
>
> -Don[/color]

I think that adjustments are only covered for 90 days.
--

Ray O
(correct punctuation to reply)


 
Old 11-21-2006, 12:42 PM   #13 (permalink)
nospampls2002@yahoo.com
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View nospampls2002@yahoo.com's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

Jeff Strickland wrote:[color=blue]
>I think it is okay to
> drift slowly to the right because this can come from the crown in the road[/color]
===============
That's true.
However it can also come from "radial pull" where the tire sidewalls
are manufactured with slightly different stiffness between sides which
makes your tire roll like a styrofoam coffee cup so try switching front
tires side to side --- if the direction of the pull changes it's the
tires.
Sometimes new tires do this and should be able to be exchanged under
the tire warranty as a manufacturing defect.

 
Old 11-21-2006, 09:46 PM   #14 (permalink)
SoCalMike
Guest
 
Posts: n/a
View SoCalMike's Photo Gallery
Re: How often for wheel alignment?

Don Fearn wrote:[color=blue]
> I think it was dbu' <repubs@waitfor08.com> who stated:
>[color=green]
>> I've yet to have a Toyota needing a wheel alignment. My Sienna goes
>> straight as an arrow, even with my hands off the wheel.[/color]
>
> The '05 Camry, with just over 20K miles is like that, but after
> driving it this weekend I realized this morning on the way to work
> that I've been correcting for the '06 xB, at 9K miles, that tries ever
> so slightly to veer off to the left if I let go of the wheel.
>
> It's a Toyota too, and that ain't right. It's only had commuting duty
> -- ten miles to work and ten miles home on county roads -- and
> occasional short trips mostly on highways . . . .
>
> That should be a warranty item, shouldn't it?
>
> -Don[/color]


if theres actually a problem, sure. "ever so slightly" might be
considered in tolerance. if your dealers any good, theyll go ahead and
put it on the alignment rack for free.
 
Sponsored Links
Advertisement
 
 

  Toyota Nation Forum : Toyota Car and Truck Forums > Toyota USENET Discussion Groups > alt.autos.toyota

Bookmarks

Thread Tools
Display Modes

Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is Off
Smilies are Off
[IMG] code is Off
HTML code is Off
Trackbacks are On
Pingbacks are On
Refbacks are On


Similar Threads
Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post
Rear wheel alignment problem on 2004 corolla S Fv53 Archived Corolla threads 1 02-19-2006 08:50 PM
Steering rack boots torn into two pieces after a firestone alignment, need input ruoknow Camry & Solara Lounge 10 11-17-2005 04:39 PM
Alignment in the Bay Area Paul Mcmenamy MR2 Forum 2 04-22-2005 10:03 PM
Help...bad alignment and other probs Redline Camry & Solara Lounge 3 03-09-2004 10:34 AM
Strut bar and alignment!!! need help Vampress Camry & Solara Lounge 17 06-29-2003 12:31 AM

Powered by vBadvanced CMPS v3.2.2

All times are GMT -5. The time now is 05:12 PM.



Powered by vBulletin® Copyright ©2000 - 2012, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
Search Engine Optimization by vBSEO 3.6.0
Garage Plus vBulletin Plugins by Drive Thru Online, Inc.
ToyotaNation.com is an independent Toyota/Lexus enthusiast website. ToyotaNation.com is not sponsored by or in any way affiliated with Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. The Toyota, Lexus and Scion names and logos are trademarks owned by Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc.